Mir Osman Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VII, the last Nizam of Hyderabad, reigned from 1911 to 1948, a tumultuous period in Indian history that witnessed the twilight of the princely states and the birth of a new nation. His reign is marked by extraordinary wealth, visionary leadership, and ultimately, a controversial accession to the Indian Union.
Early Life and Education
Born on 6 April 1886, Mir Osman Ali Khan was the second son of Mahboob Ali Khan, the ninth Nizam. He received a privileged education befitting his lineage, mastering Urdu, Persian, Arabic, and English. Beyond academics, he underwent rigorous training in courtly conduct and military affairs, laying the groundwork for his future role as a ruler.
Recognising the need for a well-rounded upbringing, the Viceroy of India recommended a unique educational path for the young prince. In 1899, Sir Brian Egerton, a distinguished British tutor, was appointed to guide Mir Osman Ali Khan’s studies for two years. This period was a departure from the traditional palace environment, designed to instil in him the qualities of a modern leader. Sir Brian Egerton, reflecting on the prince’s character, noted his keen interest in learning and magnanimous spirit.
Later, defying the conservative norms of the zenana (women’s quarters), which sought to confine his education within Hyderabad, Mir Osman Ali Khan pursued further studies at the prestigious Mayo College. This decision, influenced by the counsel of the esteemed Paigah nobility, reflected a progressive outlook and a thirst for knowledge that would shape his reign.
Accession to the Throne
In 1911, at the age of 25, Mir Osman Ali Khan ascended the throne following his father’s demise. His coronation marked the beginning of a new chapter in the history of Hyderabad, a state on the cusp of transformation.
A Ruler of Immense Wealth
Mir Osman Ali Khan’s reign coincided with a period of unprecedented prosperity for Hyderabad. He inherited vast wealth, primarily derived from the legendary Golconda mines, the world’s sole supplier of diamonds at that time. His personal fortune, estimated at 2% of the US GDP, made him one of the wealthiest individuals in history.
This extraordinary wealth was reflected in his lifestyle, which blended opulence with an almost paradoxical simplicity. He famously used the Jacob Diamond, a priceless gem valued at approximately £50 million today, as a paperweight. Despite his access to extravagance, the Nizam was known for his personal frugality, preferring simple cotton pyjamas and modest meals.
Modernisation and Development
Beyond personal wealth, Mir Osman Ali Khan focused on modernising Hyderabad, implementing reforms that would leave a lasting impact. He understood the vital role of infrastructure in a thriving state and oversaw the expansion of the railway network, connecting distant corners of his realm and facilitating trade and economic growth.
Recognising the importance of connectivity in an increasingly globalised world, he established the Hyderabad State Bank, a financial institution that would play a crucial role in the state’s economic development. He also championed the establishment of Begumpet Airport, a pioneering initiative that brought air travel to Hyderabad.
Education was a cornerstone of his vision for a modern Hyderabad. He founded Osmania University in 1918, a pioneering institution that became the first in India to adopt Urdu as the medium of instruction, blended with English. This bold move was aimed at providing quality education to a wider population while promoting the Urdu language. He also made significant contributions to the development of Osmania General Hospital, a landmark healthcare institution that served the people of Hyderabad.
The Nizam’s efforts extended to disaster preparedness. Learning from the devastating Musi flood of 1908, which had ravaged Hyderabad during his father’s reign, he implemented flood prevention measures to safeguard the city from future calamities. His foresight and investment in these initiatives would prove invaluable in mitigating the impact of subsequent floods.
Agriculture, the backbone of Hyderabad’s economy, received special attention from the Nizam. He introduced agricultural reforms aimed at improving productivity and enhancing the livelihoods of farmers. These measures reflected his understanding of the needs of his people and his commitment to ensuring their well-being.
A Generous Patron and Philanthropist
Mir Osman Ali Khan’s generosity extended beyond the borders of Hyderabad. He donated significant sums to Hindu temples, including the restoration of the ancient Ramappa temple, a testament to his secular outlook and respect for all faiths. His philanthropy reached the Golden Temple in Amritsar, further solidifying his reputation as a benevolent ruler who transcended religious boundaries.
He contributed generously to the compilation of the Holy Mahabharata, showcasing his appreciation for India’s rich cultural heritage. He also donated gold to the National Defence Fund, demonstrating his patriotism and support for a unified India.
His commitment to education led him to support various educational institutions across India. He also financed the restoration of the Ajanta and Ellora caves, UNESCO World Heritage sites renowned for their ancient Buddhist and Hindu cave art. His contributions to preserving these cultural treasures highlighted his vision of a nation that valued its history and heritage.
Mir Osman Ali Khan’s compassion extended beyond his own country. He provided aid to Palestine, reflecting his humanitarian spirit and concern for the suffering of people worldwide. He also issued a firman (decree) banning public cow slaughter, a measure aimed at respecting the sentiments of the Hindu community and promoting harmony within his diverse state.
The Accession to India
The end of Mir Osman Ali Khan’s reign coincided with a pivotal moment in Indian history: the partition of British India and the birth of two independent nations, India and Pakistan.
The Nizam, faced with the choice of joining either of the newly formed nations or remaining independent, initially opted for the latter. He envisioned Hyderabad as a sovereign state, a vision that ultimately clashed with the political realities of the time.
In 1948, after months of political tension and a brief period of armed conflict known as “Operation Polo,” Hyderabad was annexed to the Indian Union. Mir Osman Ali Khan, accepting the outcome, signed the instrument of accession, marking the end of Hyderabad’s existence as a princely state.
The accession, though controversial, was a crucial step in the consolidation of the newly independent India. Mir Osman Ali Khan, despite his initial reluctance, played a significant role in ensuring a peaceful transition, preventing further bloodshed and laying the groundwork for Hyderabad’s integration into the Indian Union.
Legacy and Remembrance
Mir Osman Ali Khan, despite the complexities of his reign, left an enduring legacy. He is remembered as a visionary leader who modernised Hyderabad, leaving behind institutions that continue to serve the people. His philanthropy and support for education and cultural preservation cemented his reputation as a benevolent ruler who cared for his people and the heritage of India.
His reign, though marked by the loss of Hyderabad’s sovereignty, also represents a pivotal moment in Indian history, a testament to the challenges and triumphs of nation-building. Mir Osman Ali Khan, the last Nizam, remains a significant figure in the story of Hyderabad and India, a ruler whose life and legacy continue to fascinate and inspire.
